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Malcolm X remains one of the most influential—and often polarizing—figures of the 20th century. A powerful voice for Black pride, resistance, and transformation, he was best known for his uncompromising rhetoric and bold vision of Black empowerment. But behind the headlines and speeches was a man whose life journey was marked by self-education, ideological evolution, and a deep commitment to restoring dignity and identity to Black communities far and wide. 

Though widely recognized for his powerful oratory, Malcolm was also a self-taught intellectual. While in prison, he immersed himself in books, teaching himself everything from history to philosophy. Through his later work, he encouraged Black Americans to reclaim their heritage, understand their rights, and embrace their freedom, not just politically, but culturally and spiritually. 

In honor of Malcolm X’s 100th birthday today, May 19, here are five things you may not have known about the legendary freedom fighter.